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O dualismo es una visión filosófica que la realidad se compone de dos partes que no se pueden reducir entre sí. El quid del dualismo se demuestra de la siguiente manera: si se quiere entender la justificación del universo como comprensible, estas dos partes deben reconciliarse. El dualismo es uno de los elementos fundamentales de la metafísica.
En la filosofía de los presocráticos, el dualismo aparece en forma de apariencia y realidad. En Platón, se muestra en la creencia en la existencia de un mundo ideal, que contiene ideas eternas, y un mundo sensible, donde las cosas cambian constantemente. En la cosmovisión medieval, el dualismo aparece como la división entre seres humanos finitos y un Dios infinito o entre esencia y existencia, mientras que en lo que se supone el comienzo del pensamiento moderno, René Descartes (1596-1650) afirma la existencia de un pensamiento. la mente es un asunto extenso, presentando así la fuente de una discusión adicional sobre el problema de la relación entre mente y cuerpo. En el ámbito de la propia filosofía moderna, el filósofo escocés David Hume (1711-1776) divide el mundo entre hechos y valores, mientras que el alemán Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) divide los fenómenos empíricos y las cosas trascendentales en sí. En el siglo XX, Martin Heidegger (1889 – 1976) divide el mundo en Ser y Tiempo, influyendo en el pensamiento del existencialista francés Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980), quien estableció el contraste entre Ser y Nada. En el contexto de las discusiones religiosas, el dualismo aparece en la forma de la relación entre lo sagrado y lo profano o entre lo religioso y lo secular. Se puede ver, por tanto, que a lo largo de la historia de la filosofía, el dualismo estuvo realmente presente, apoyando la construcción de los más diversos sistemas filosóficos.
El término dualismo fue acuñado en el siglo XVIII para referirse a la doctrina de Zoroastro, quien admitía la existencia de dos principios o deidades, uno del bien y otro del mal, que luchaban constantemente entre sí. De esta misma forma, el dualismo también fue entendido por otros filósofos, como el alemán Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1714). Esta forma de dualismo religioso para comprender la realidad también se puede encontrar en otras tradiciones, como el maniqueísmo, doctrina de la que San Agustín fue adherente y que luego criticó tras su conversión al cristianismo. El maniqueísmo también creía en la existencia de dos dioses en conflicto, uno bueno y otro malo, siendo el primero el creador de almas y el segundo el creador del mundo físico.
El significado más común del dualismo, sin embargo, fue establecido por el filósofo alemán Christian Wolff (1679-1754), quien identificó como dualistas a aquellos que admitían la existencia de sustancias materiales y sustancias espirituales. Este es el significado más común y extendido del dualismo en toda la tradición filosófica. A pesar de los diferentes modos de dualismo en la historia de la filosofía presentados en los párrafos anteriores, Wolff afirmó que el creador del dualismo fue Descartes, cuando identificó la existencia de dos tipos diferentes de sustancias, la corporal y la espiritual (la mente). Fue a partir de la difusión de esta comprensión de Wolff que fue posible para los filósofos posteriores identificar la presencia del dualismo en la tradición filosófica, incluso siguiéndola hasta la antigua filosofía presocrática.
Esta definición tradicional de dualismo se denomina comúnmente «dualismo cartesiano» y es un dualismo de sustancia. Sin embargo, existe otro tipo de dualismo, llamado “dualismo causal”, sostenido por el filósofo inglés Bertrand Russell, quien argumentó que el dualismo no era entre dos sustancias sino entre dos tipos de leyes: leyes causales físicas y leyes causales psicológicas.
La doctrina que se opone diametralmente al dualismo se llama monismo.
Referencias:
AUDI, Robert. El Diccionario de Filosofía de Cambridge. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
ABBAGNANO, Nicola. Diccionario de Filosofía. Trans. Alfredo Bosi e Ivone Castilho Benedetti. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2007.
BUNNIN, Nicholas; YU, Jiyuan. El Diccionario Blackwell de Filosofía Occidental. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
